ἐγκατοικέω

Pronunciation Guide: eng-kat-oy-KEH-oh

Basic Definition

Strong’s G1460: ἐγκατοικέω (egkatoikeō) describes the act of dwelling or living within a specific place or among specific people, often with the connotation of being settled or established there. In its biblical context, it particularly conveys the experience of a righteous person living among the ungodly, emphasizing the tension between belonging to God while being physically situated in a morally challenging environment. The word captures both physical residence and the spiritual-moral dimension of that residence.

Etymology and Morphology

• Part of Speech: Verb
• Root Components: Compound of ἐν (en, “in”) + κατοικέω (katoikeō, “to dwell, inhabit”)
• Language Origin: Koine Greek
• Primary Usage: Narrative and epistolary literature
• Frequency: Rare (appears only once in the New Testament)
• Voice and Tense: Used in the present active participle form

ἐγκατοικέω Morphology:

• ἐγκατοικῶν (present active participle, masculine nominative singular) – the one dwelling among
• ἐγκατοικέω (present active infinitive) – to dwell among
• ἐγκατοικοῦντα (present active participle, masculine accusative singular) – the one who is dwelling among
• ἐγκατοικοῦντες (present active participle, masculine nominative plural) – those dwelling among

Origin & History

The verb ἐγκατοικέω represents a compound formation combining the preposition ἐν (en, “in”) with the verb κατοικέω (katoikeō, “to inhabit, settle”). This compound structure intensifies the concept of dwelling by emphasizing both the state of being settled (κατοικέω) and the location specificity (ἐν) of that settling. The base verb κατοικέω appears frequently in classical Greek literature, notably in Thucydides’ “History of the Peloponnesian War” when describing populations settling in specific regions.

In the Septuagint (LXX), while ἐγκατοικέω itself is rare, the root verb κατοικέω appears abundantly, often translating the Hebrew verb יָשַׁב (yashav), which describes both temporary dwelling and permanent settlement. The compound form ἐγκατοικέω emphasizes a deeper, more embedded form of dwelling—indicating not merely physical presence but integration within an environment. Church father Clement of Alexandria later used related compound forms when discussing the challenges of Christians living within pagan societies in his work “Paedagogus,” highlighting the ongoing tension of spiritual identity versus physical location.

Expanded Definitions & Translation Options

• A righteous person living among ungodly or morally corrupt communities
• To dwell permanently within a specific geographic or cultural context
• To be established in a place not aligned with one’s values or identity
• To inhabit a location while remaining distinct from its prevailing character

ἐγκατοικέω Translation Options:

• Dwelling among – Emphasizes the spatial dimension of living within a specific community or context
• Living in the midst of – Highlights the surrounding nature of the ungodly environment
• Residing among – Suggests a more permanent, established presence
• Settled within – Captures the fixed nature of the dwelling while emphasizing containment
• Inhabiting – Conveys the act of making one’s home in a particular place, with the prefix ἐν- emphasizing the “within-ness” of that habitation

Biblical Usage

The verb ἐγκατοικέω appears only once in the New Testament, in 2 Peter 2:8, where it describes Lot’s experience living in Sodom. The text states that “righteous Lot, dwelling among them” was tormented by the lawless deeds he witnessed daily. This singular usage carries significant theological weight, as it portrays the challenging position of a righteous person embedded within a thoroughly corrupt society. The participle form (ἐγκατοικῶν) used here emphasizes the ongoing, continuous nature of Lot’s dwelling experience.

Though the compound form appears only once, the root verb κατοικέω appears frequently in the New Testament, often describing both physical residence and spiritual indwelling. Notable examples include God’s Spirit dwelling in believers (1 Corinthians 3:16) and the fullness of deity dwelling in Messiah Jesus (Colossians 2:9). The addition of the preposition ἐν in ἐγκατοικέω intensifies this concept of indwelling, highlighting the complete immersion Lot experienced while living surrounded by wickedness.

• “For that righteous man, dwelling among [ἐγκατοικῶν] them day after day, was tormented in his righteous soul by their lawless deeds that he saw and heard.” 2 Peter 2:8

Cultural Insights

In the ancient Near Eastern context, one’s place of residence was intricately connected to one’s identity, family ties, and religious affiliation. For Lot to be described as ἐγκατοικῶν (dwelling among) the people of Sodom represents a profound cultural tension. Ancient Jewish interpretative traditions, particularly in Midrashic literature, often struggled with Lot’s decision to dwell in Sodom, viewing it as a compromise of his connection to Abraham’s household and faith.

The Hebrew concept behind this Greek term connects to the idea of גֵּר (ger, “sojourner”) – someone who dwells among a people not their own. However, unlike the temporary nature often implied in being a ger, the Greek ἐγκατοικέω suggests a more permanent, settled presence. This mirrors the Jewish diaspora experience after the Babylonian exile, where faithful Jews found themselves ἐγκατοικοῦντες (dwelling among) pagan nations while striving to maintain their distinct identity and faith practices. The tension expressed in 2 Peter 2:8 would have resonated deeply with first-century Jewish believers facing similar challenges of maintaining righteousness while living embedded within Greco-Roman culture.

Theological Significance

The theological significance of ἐγκατοικέω extends far beyond a mere description of physical location. It portrays the existential tension of those who belong to יהוה (Yahweh) while living surrounded by worldly values and practices. Lot’s experience, described with this rare verb, becomes a powerful metaphor for all believers who find themselves “in the world but not of it” (John 17:14-16). The word captures both the reality of necessary physical presence and the spiritual challenge that presence creates.

Moreover, ἐγκατοικέω in 2 Peter 2:8 serves as a counterpoint to the concept of the righteous “dwelling in” (κατοικεῖ) God’s presence. The text emphasizes that even while physically dwelling among (ἐγκατοικῶν) the wicked, Lot maintained his identity as “righteous.” This highlights יהוה’s power to preserve His people even in the most morally corrupting environments. The verse doesn’t merely condemn Sodom’s wickedness but elevates God’s sustaining grace that maintained Lot’s righteous identity despite his compromised dwelling situation. This offers profound hope for believers in any age who find themselves necessarily immersed in cultures opposed to God’s values.

Personal Application

The concept of ἐγκατοικέω speaks directly to our experience as followers of the Messiah Jesus living in a world often hostile to godly values. Like Lot, we frequently find ourselves dwelling among systems, cultures, and communities that challenge our faith commitments. The word reminds us that righteous living is possible even when completely surrounded by unrighteousness, though not without the “torment of soul” that Lot experienced. This calls us to honest acknowledgment of the spiritual and emotional toll that such dwelling can take.

Yet this word also offers hope by reminding us that יהוה sees and knows our situation. As He rescued Lot from his dwelling among the wicked, He remains faithful to preserve those who maintain their identity in Him despite challenging environments. The challenge for us is to maintain our distinct identity as God’s people while still engaging meaningfully with those around us—being salt and light within our contexts of dwelling rather than either withdrawing completely or being assimilated into the prevailing culture.

Related Words

• κατοικέω (katoikeō, “to dwell”) – The root verb from which ἐγκατοικέω is formed, used more generally for inhabiting or residing in a place without necessarily emphasizing the surrounding environment. See G2730
• παροικέω (paroikeō, “to sojourn”) – Unlike ἐγκατοικέω which suggests more permanent dwelling, this verb emphasizes temporary residence as a foreigner or alien in a place, capturing the pilgrim nature of the believer’s earthly existence. See G3939
• συνοικέω (synoikeō, “to dwell together with”) – While ἐγκατοικέω emphasizes dwelling within an environment, this term focuses on cohabitation or dwelling together with others, often in the context of marriage or family relationships. See G4924
• οἰκέω (oikeō, “to dwell”) – The simplest form of the dwelling verb family, used broadly for inhabitation without the specific connotations of being surrounded (ἐγκατοικέω) or being temporary (παροικέω). See G3611
• παρεπίδημος (parepidēmos, “resident alien”) – Though a noun rather than verb, this term complements ἐγκατοικέω by describing one who dwells alongside others as a foreigner or temporary resident, emphasizing the “otherness” of believers in this world. See G3927

Did You Know?

• The concept behind ἐγκατοικέω features prominently in Jewish wisdom literature outside the biblical canon. The book of Wisdom (Wisdom of Solomon 10:6) describes the rescue of a “righteous man” (understood to be Lot) from among the “perishing ungodly,” using similar language to that found in 2 Peter 2:8. This demonstrates the enduring importance of Lot’s experience as an archetype for righteous people living in corrupt societies.
• Archaeological discoveries at the traditional sites associated with Sodom and Gomorrah near the Dead Sea show evidence of prosperous cities that experienced sudden, catastrophic destruction in the Middle Bronze Age, aligning with biblical chronology. These findings help us understand the wealthy, established urban context in which Lot was ἐγκατοικῶν (dwelling among), making his choice to settle there more understandable from an economic perspective while heightening the moral tension described by this verb.
• Modern Hebrew has preserved the concept behind ἐγκατοικέω in terms like לִשְׁכֹּן בְּתוֹךְ (lishkon b’tokh, “to dwell among/within”), which appears in contemporary Israeli discussions about maintaining Jewish identity while living in diaspora communities. This demonstrates the enduring relevance of the concept across thousands of years of Jewish experience, from Lot’s time to our modern era.

Remember This

ἐγκατοικέω reminds us that יהוה calls His people not to isolation from the world nor to assimilation into it, but to faithful presence within it—maintaining righteous identity even while dwelling among those who reject His ways.