δυσεντερία

Pronunciation Guide: doo-sen-ter-ee’-ah (emphasis on “ter”)

Basic Definition

Strong’s G1420: δυσεντερία (dysenteria) refers to a severe intestinal disorder characterized by inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, resulting in severe abdominal pain and frequent bloody stools. This serious medical condition was often fatal in the ancient world due to severe dehydration and lack of effective treatments. The term literally combines the Greek prefix “dys” (bad, difficult) with “enteron” (intestine), quite literally meaning “bad intestines.”

Etymology and Morphology

• Part of speech: Noun (feminine)
• Root components: δυσ- (dys-, “bad, difficult, painful”) + ἔντερον (enteron, “intestine, bowel”)
• Language origin: Greek medical terminology
• Primary usage: Medical literature, historical accounts, and the single New Testament occurrence in Acts
• Declension: First declension noun

δυσεντερία Morphology:

• δυσεντερία (nominative singular) – dysentery
• δυσεντερίας (genitive singular) – of dysentery
• δυσεντερίᾳ (dative singular) – with/by dysentery
• δυσεντερίαν (accusative singular) – dysentery (direct object)

Origin & History

The term δυσεντερία has ancient roots in Greek medical literature, appearing prominently in the Hippocratic Corpus (5th-4th centuries BCE). Hippocrates, in his work “On Epidemics,” described various forms of intestinal disorders including dysentery, noting its seasonal prevalence and symptoms. He distinguished it from simple diarrhea by the presence of blood and severe pain. The Greek physician Galen (2nd century CE) further elaborated on dysenteric conditions in his extensive medical writings, categorizing various types based on symptoms and severity.

In the Septuagint (LXX), while specific references to δυσεντερία are absent, related intestinal afflictions are mentioned among the curses for disobedience in Deuteronomy 28:27, where various skin diseases and intestinal problems are listed. The earliest Jewish historian Josephus also mentions dysentery-like illnesses affecting armies during sieges, particularly in his “Jewish War” and “Antiquities,” reflecting the common occurrence of such diseases during times of poor sanitation and crowded conditions.

Expanded Definitions & Translation Options

• A severe intestinal inflammation characterized by frequent, bloody, mucus-containing stools and severe abdominal pain
• An often epidemic disease common in ancient times due to contaminated water and poor sanitation
• A potentially fatal condition that significantly weakened its victims through dehydration and blood loss
• A recognized medical condition with specific symptoms distinguishing it from other digestive ailments

δυσεντερία Translation Options:

• Dysentery – Most precise medical equivalent and the standard translation in modern English versions, accurately conveying both the condition and its severity
• Bloody flux – An older English translation option found in some traditional versions, emphasizing the bloody nature of the excretions
• Severe intestinal disease – A more descriptive translation that emphasizes the location and severity for readers unfamiliar with medical terminology
• Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea – A more clinical modern equivalent that specifies the acute and hemorrhagic nature of the condition

Biblical Usage

In the New Testament, δυσεντερία appears only once, in Acts 28:8, where Luke (a physician himself) provides a medical description of an illness affecting Publius’ father on the island of Malta. The precision of the term reflects Luke’s medical knowledge and his attention to diagnostic detail. The passage states that the man was “suffering from fever and dysentery,” likely indicating a severe infection that had systemic (fever) and localized (intestinal) manifestations.

The rarity of δυσεντερία in biblical texts does not diminish its significance. Rather, it highlights Luke’s precision in recording historical and medical details. This attention to medical accuracy serves as internal evidence for Luke’s training as a physician, as mentioned by Paul in Colossians 4:14.

• “And it happened that the father of Publius was lying in bed afflicted with recurrent fever and dysentery [δυσεντερίῳ]; and Paul went in to see him and after he had prayed, he laid his hands on him and healed him.” Acts 28:8

Cultural Insights

Dysentery was a dreaded disease in the ancient Mediterranean world, frequently reaching epidemic proportions and often proving fatal, especially among children and the elderly. Roman military texts frequently mention dysentery as a major cause of battlefield casualties, sometimes claiming more lives than actual combat. The disease spread rapidly through military camps, cities under siege, and other crowded conditions where sanitation was poor and clean water scarce.

In ancient medical practice, treatments for dysentery were largely ineffective. Physicians prescribed various herbal remedies, including pomegranate bark (containing tannins that have some anti-diarrheal properties), combined with dietary modifications such as consuming bland foods and avoiding certain fruits. Some treatments, like bloodletting, likely made the condition worse by further weakening already compromised patients. This context makes Paul’s miraculous healing of Publius’ father all the more significant to ancient readers, who would have recognized dysentery as a potentially deadly condition that conventional medicine struggled to treat effectively.

Theological Significance

The appearance of δυσεντερία in the context of Paul’s healing ministry on Malta carries profound theological implications. First, it demonstrates Yahweh’s power over devastating physical ailments that defied medical treatment in the ancient world. The miraculous healing of a condition as serious as dysentery would have been particularly impressive to Luke’s medically-informed perspective and to ancient readers familiar with the disease’s severity.

Secondly, this healing episode illustrates the Messianic fulfillment of prophecies like Isaiah 35:5-6, where God’s salvation includes physical restoration. Through Paul, the healing ministry that characterized Yeshua’s (Jesus’) earthly work continued, confirming the apostolic message with signs following, as promised in Mark 16:17-18. The healing of conditions like dysentery—beyond natural medical capability—served as tangible evidence of God’s compassion and the truth of the gospel.

Lastly, this healing established divine validation of Paul’s ministry at a critical juncture. Having survived shipwreck and snake bite, Paul’s ability to heal Publius’ father demonstrated that God’s favor remained with him despite his status as a prisoner. The healing of dysentery thus became not merely a medical miracle but a theological statement about God’s ongoing work through His chosen apostle.

Personal Application

When facing seemingly impossible physical circumstances, we can remember Paul’s encounter with Publius’ father. The healing of an advanced case of dysentery would have seemed medically impossible, yet through prayer and laying on of hands, complete restoration occurred. This reminds us that Yahweh’s healing power transcends human medical limitations, working through faithful servants who surrender themselves as vessels for His work.

Moreover, this account invites us to consider how God may use our professional knowledge—as He used Luke’s medical expertise—to document His works with precision and credibility. Luke’s accurate recording of medical terms like δυσεντερία lends authenticity to the biblical account and reminds us that faith and scholarship are not opposing forces but complementary gifts that can glorify God when properly integrated. In our own lives, we can similarly use our specialized knowledge and skills to communicate God’s truth with both accuracy and compassion.

Related Words

• νόσος (nosos, “no’-sos”) – general term for disease or sickness; broader than dysentery, encompassing any illness, whereas δυσεντερία specifically refers to the intestinal condition with bloody discharge. See G3554
• μαλακία (malakia, “mal-ak-ee’-ah”) – weakness, infirmity, or sickness; refers to general bodily weakness that might result from dysentery but is not specific to intestinal disease. See G3119
• πυρετός (pyretos, “poo-ret-os’”) – fever; appears alongside δυσεντερία in Acts 28:8, indicating the systemic effects that often accompanied severe dysentery cases. See G4446
• πληγή (plēgē, “play-gay’”) – stroke, wound, plague; sometimes used for divinely-sent afflictions, whereas δυσεντερία is used in a specific medical context. See G4127
• ἀσθένεια (astheneia, “as-then’-i-ah”) – weakness, infirmity; could describe the resulting debilitation from dysentery but covers a broader range of weaknesses, both physical and spiritual. See G769

Did you Know?

• Did you know that δυσεντερία remains a significant global health concern even today? Modern medical understanding identifies several causes of dysentery, primarily bacterial (Shigella) and amoebic (Entamoeba histolytica), affecting an estimated 165 million people annually with approximately 1 million deaths. The persistence of this ancient disease reminds us that the afflictions mentioned in Scripture continue to challenge human health and medical science, particularly in regions lacking adequate sanitation and healthcare—a sobering reminder of our continued dependence on God’s grace for both medical advances and ultimate healing.
• Did you know that Roman military commanders considered dysentery a greater threat than enemy forces during extended campaigns? Historical records indicate that more Roman soldiers died from dysentery and other diseases than from battle wounds. The Roman army developed elaborate sanitation systems, including designated latrines positioned downstream from drinking water sources, specifically to combat dysentery outbreaks. Luke’s mention of δυσεντερία would have resonated strongly with readers familiar with military service or the devastating urban epidemics that regularly swept through the Roman Empire.
• Did you know that archaeologists have found evidence of dysentery in ancient human remains? Modern paleopathology has identified the presence of dysentery-causing pathogens in preserved fecal matter from archaeological sites dating back thousands of years. This scientific evidence confirms the historical accounts of dysentery found in ancient texts, including Luke’s precise diagnosis in Acts. Such findings bridge the gap between biblical narrative and archaeological science, affirming the historical reliability of Luke’s medical terminology.

Remember This

δυσεντερία reminds us that Yahweh’s healing power extends to the most severe and medically challenging conditions—whether in the first century or today—demonstrating that no physical ailment stands beyond the reach of His restorative touch when administered through faith-filled prayer.